What are Control Statements?

Control statements in Java are used to **control the flow of execution** in a program. These statements decide the sequence of execution based on conditions and loops.

Types of Control Statements

Java provides three types of control statements:

• Selection Statements (if, if-else, switch)
• Iteration Statements (for, while, do-while)
• Jump Statements (break, continue, return)

1. Selection Statements

These statements allow the program to make decisions and execute specific blocks of code.

1.1 if Statement

Executes a block of code only if the condition is **true**.

public class IfExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int num = 10;
        if (num > 5) {
            System.out.println("Number is greater than 5");
        }
    }
}

1.2 if-else Statement

Executes one block if the condition is **true** and another block if it's **false**.

public class IfElseExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int num = 10;
        if (num % 2 == 0) {
            System.out.println("Even number");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Odd number");
        }
    }
}

1.3 switch Statement

Used when multiple conditions are checked against a single variable.

public class SwitchExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int day = 3;
        switch (day) {
            case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;
            case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
            case 3: System.out.println("Wednesday"); break;
            default: System.out.println("Other day");
        }
    }
}

2. Iteration Statements (Loops)

Loops are used to execute a block of code multiple times.

2.1 for Loop

Used when the number of iterations is known.

public class ForLoopExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
            System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
        }
    }
}

2.2 while Loop

Executes a block of code while the condition is **true**.

public class WhileLoopExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 1;
        while (i <= 5) {
            System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
            i++;
        }
    }
}

2.3 do-while Loop

Executes the block at least once, even if the condition is **false**.

public class DoWhileExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 1;
        do {
            System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
            i++;
        } while (i <= 5);
    }
}

3. Jump Statements

Used to change the flow of execution.

3.1 break Statement

Stops the execution of a loop or switch statement.

public class BreakExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
            if (i == 5) break;
            System.out.println(i);
        }
    }
}

3.2 continue Statement

Skips the current iteration and continues with the next iteration.

public class ContinueExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
            if (i == 3) continue;
            System.out.println(i);
        }
    }
}

3.3 return Statement

Used to exit from a method and return a value.

public class ReturnExample {
    public static int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int result = add(5, 10);
        System.out.println("Sum: " + result);
    }
}

Conclusion

Control statements are essential for decision-making and looping in Java. They help in executing code efficiently based on conditions.

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